Strong global pharmaceutical packaging market in China annual growth rate of 11.5% — pharmaceutical packaging — pharmaceutical industries

2013, estimated global Pharmaceutical Packaging Market will reach 62.3 billion U.S. dollars. 28% share of the United States continues to lead; China’s strong growth is expected 11.5% annual growth rate At present, the pharmaceutical industry has fully recognized the importance of good packaging design, because of its help patients comply with medication requirements, meet regulatory requirements, increase the attractiveness of the brand’s life and faced constant pressure. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical companies must innovate and improve efficiency to meet the growing counterfeiting Drugs Threat. In addition, the pharmaceutical industry there is pressure, should pay attention to green production and shoulder greater responsibilities for environmental protection. In this highly regulated industry, pharmaceutical packaging industry, where the direction of development? What are the opportunities? To this highly competitive market success, to overcome obstacles? 2013, the global pharmaceutical packaging market size expected to reach 62.3 billion U.S. dollars, the United States will continue to dominate this market position, its share of global pharmaceutical packaging Sell 28% share of the amount. Globally, the Asia-Pacific region will be the most robust growth, China will promote the region’s largest pharmaceutical packaging industry growth promoter, growth rate is expected to 11.5%. Developing countries to advance rapidly «Global pharmaceutical packaging,» the study’s publisher FreedoniaGroup an analyst BillMartineau said the next few years, driven by several factors, developing countries, the pharmaceutical packaging industry will take on the highest growth rate. The most important factor is the use of low-cost Generic Become increasingly easy to use drug therapy to compensate for the shortage of medical care delivery system will also promote the growth of these areas, medical packaging. Global pharmaceutical packaging market will be high-value packaging systems with the gradual use to be maintained, these high-value packaging systems, is in: to improve patient medication compliance; lower drug counterfeiting and diversion of dangerous sex; to eliminate the danger of drugs distribution of errors; to improve health care institutions to support infection control standards; is different from many other generic tools. Martineau explained that the development of China’s pharmaceutical packaging market, the domestic pharmaceutical industry will be introduced gradually in line with the GMP standards of developed countries, driven, and this will surely promote China’s pharmaceutical packaging system, a comprehensive upgrade. As for the rest of the world, India is expected to show strong growth, because India’s patent drug market and the generics market is expanding. In addition, the continuous failure of the patent brand drugs and expanded use of generic drugs will promote Brazil, Egypt, Hungary, Indonesia, Poland and South Korea’s pharmaceutical production and the related demand for pharmaceutical packaging. Developed countries continue to lead Although in the next 5 years, the pharmaceutical packaging market in developing countries is expected to expand significantly, but their development does not harm the interests of developed countries. Thus, Western Europe, Japan and the United States will continue to occupy the global pharmaceutical packaging market, the vast majority of market share. In these three areas, medical packaging market will focus on value-added packaging systems and new drug delivery vector. Martineau forecasting, biotechnology drugs will promote the continuous development of parenteral packaging (especially the small medicine bottles and prefilled syringes) needs. Government of pharmaceutical packaging in the standard (that requires a unit dose, high barrier and anti-counterfeiting packaging) will affect Western Europe, and Japan because of its patented drugs and generic drug manufacturers, extensive, will remain the medicinal container cover plugs and related parts and with a large diversity of consumers.

   

    Shangluo through attracting foreign investments, restructuring and reorganizing to increase the intensity of technological upgrading of enterprises, total investment of more than 350 million yuan to complete the Panlong 7, Xiangju chip production lines to expand and will Kang the company’s eight production line construction project, focused on creating leading enterprises , so that a big increase in Chinese medicine industry have effectively driven the rapid development of traditional Chinese medicine industry. By 2008, Shangluo a total area of 145 mu of Chinese herbal medicines, 4.8-fold increase over 1998, which standardized planting 56 million mu, ranking the province first became a major source of income for local farmers.

    Shangluo the unique climate and environment, hold a very rich natural resources, «National Chinese herbal medicine resources compiled,» included in the 2002 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine, there are 1192 kinds of Shangluo, of which 265 species are included in the new version of «pharmacopoeia.» There are 56 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine large tunnel, which Salvia, Forsythia, Platycodon grandiflorum, Schisandra, Scutellaria baicalensis, not only planted a long history, but also high levels of efficacy component.

    Around this resource advantages, Shangluo municipal government comply with international natural drug development boom, seize the historical opportunity of the implementation of the modernization of Chinese medicine, from 1998 to the modern traditional Chinese medicine as one of the city’s five major pillar industries, established the «Industrial Development ecology, ecological construction and industrialization «of the Chinese medicine industry to develop new ideas, began to focus on bigger and stronger,» Salvia, Forsythia, Platycodon grandiflorum, Schisandra, Scutellaria baicalensis «It’s five major drug companies to do business Liang drug brands.

    In promoting the development of traditional Chinese medicine industry among the Shangluo addition to actively promote the standardization of cultivation, production scale, product branding and sustainable development, and particular attention to play a leading role leading enterprises on the Chinese medicine industry chain, leading the Chinese medicine industry has given strong support . Tianjin Tasly Corporation and Shangluo Municipal People’s Government jointly set up plants in Shaanxi Province Tasly Pharmaceutical Company was established in Shangluo the nation’s first Salvia GAP base, established by Chinese Herbal Pieces plant extracts of traditional Chinese medicine factory passed GMP certification, over million tons of annual processing of Chinese herbal medicines; Zhashui County invested more than 10 billion yuan in Shaanxi built the first Chinese-medicine-based processing Panlong eco-industrial parks, the development of more than a dozen companies settled.

    The city’s above-scale pharmaceutical processing enterprises in 1998 to four, developed to 10, Chinese medicine industrial output value reached 8 billion yuan, an increase of 8-fold over that of 1998. Which Xiangju, Panlong, Thailand and China, will Kang, Ouke key pharmaceutical companies and other 5 of the 41 formulations, 167 species passed the GMP certification; Panlong, Xiangju other two pharmaceutical companies have annual sales revenue up to two hundred million dollars. Panlong company, the company obtained patents Xiangju 18, patented product output value accounted for 90% of enterprises. This year, under the influence of the global financial crisis, mining, light industry and other industries the efficiency of production decreased, while the Chinese medicine industry production efficiency and steady growth.

    This year, seize the nation-building Shangluo Guanzhong — Tianshui economic zone of the historic opportunity to focus on building good-quality traditional Chinese medicine production base, high-quality seedling breeding base for Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine products processing base of the objectives, organization building of 100 mu of medicinal herbs production base, investment 10 billion yuan to implement five major drug supplier of health products, food, extracts and 20 proprietary Chinese medicines projects to promote the modern traditional Chinese medicine output value reached 15 billion yuan.

Adjuvant therapy for a cancer drug asparagus pieces, ex-factory price is only 15.5 yuan, the price of hospital patients is sold to 213 yuan, the profit as high as 1300%! Drug profits, Second Xiangya Hospital of Hunan Province in the media has caused widespread concern of the whole society. Zhejiang has not purchased and sale of the asparagus pieces? Part of the past few days on to Hangzhou’s hospitals, pharmacies were investigated and learned from the Provincial Health Department, the province has not yet found profiteering pharmaceutical asparagus pieces.

17,18, the reporter has investigated the provincial Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Provincial Hospital, Zhejiang Medical Second Hospital, Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou First Hospital, were not found in asparagus pieces. According to Provincial Hospital Pharmacy Director introduced, asparagus pieces, as a proprietary Chinese medicine to improve the immunity of cancer patients to prevent the proliferation of cancer cells do have a role, but its effect is not obvious, is not commonly used in clinical medicine, so the hospital had not purchased this kinds of asparagus pieces. Also, because manufacturers only supply hospitals asparagus pieces, Kyushu large pharmacies and other retail pharmacies are not selling off the drugs.

Today, Provincial Health Department, the Director of Purchasing Management pharmaceutical equipment Chang briefed reporters during the summer, after the events of that pharmaceutical profits in Hunan, they immediately medical institutions across the province conducted a survey of medical institutions above the county level across the province no sales in recent years over the asparagus pieces. Although asparagus pieces in 2005 in Shaoxing City, winning once, winning guide price of 115 per pack (15% increase to the highest hospital up to sell 132 per pack), but for various reasons, the drug in Shaoxing box has not been sold.

Present, the health sector in our province are still on the towns below the county level hospitals and other medical institutions thoroughly investigated. This reporter learned that, not only in Hunan, the same specifications as the asparagus pieces in many places the country the price difference is not significant. Guangdong Jiangmen 190.08 yuan a box, a box of 160 of Heilongjiang, Henan, 133 yuan a box, Shaanxi Province, a box of maximum retail price of 218 yuan. That is, the minimum retail price of asparagus pieces also reached more than 8 times the ex-factory price.

A box of small asparagus pieces, why the unity of the tender by the Government not only failed after the price drop, but close to 10 times the prices in front of consumers? Hunan Provincial Price Bureau informed person in charge of «profiteering» incident, acknowledged that the price of the asparagus pieces approved the issue, Price not strict staff does exist, the information collected was incomplete, not detailed enough work issues, pricing did not understand 15.5 yuan per box ex-factory price and other important information, leading to the development of 136 tender offer guidance prices high.

Bid price of 136 yuan government, why was sold to 213 yuan hospital? What is the truth of the incident in the end? Currently, in addition to the ongoing self-examination and the Second Xiangya Hospital, the Hunan Province have jointly set up multi-sectoral investigation team to investigate the matter, this newspaper will continue to pay attention.

  In March of this year, Jiangsu Taizhou Medical Hi-Tech Industrial Park, State Council’s approval to upgrade its national high-tech industrial development zones, into the national science and technology innovation system.

      In 2008, the Jiangsu-scale pharmaceutical industry accounted for 11.5% of the country, while one-third of Taizhou in another province. Taizhou party secretary Zhang Lei said, «We are a great opportunity to seize the industrial structure adjustment, tilt the power of the city to build China Medical City. By edge industry grow, build a platform, innovative carriers, optimizing the environment, enhance the level for the next round lay the foundation for the development so as to enhance the core competitiveness of Taizhou. »

      In 2005, the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the pharmaceutical industry, the province ranked first in Taizhou put forward a new proposition: bigger and stronger, give priority to pharmaceutical industries, the Taizhou fight resulting in «China’s first Medical City.» Pharmaceutical industries in Jiangsu province «Eleventh Five-Year» period focus on the development of the four industries.

      China Medical City, was cited Yin Zhi innovative mechanisms, specifically the formation of scientific and technological achievements into service centers, create new drugs service center, the project matching service centers and investment advisory service centers. Medical City official said, where people do not make high-end low-end things, but the results so that they can bring wisdom and presence, putting more focus on research and career development, in the shortest possible time to harvest a number of products. Quickly, the United States Hamner Institute, Texas Medical Center, Fudan University, China Pharmaceutical University and other 56 famous universities and medical research institutions gather medical city. GlaxoSmithKline, middle-fat group, the United States when the medical treatment, Thalen more than 200 pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing, service-oriented enterprises have settled down, more than 200 items of «first-class international and domestic leading» medical innovations successfully landing declarations. Chinese Academy of Sciences Chu-Tse Wu, Hou and Germany, more than 20 experts were invited to serve as scientific advisor for the building of Taizhou City, providing strategic decision-making pharmaceutical consulting services.

      Building pharmaceutical industry Heights, tilting the power of the city to build China Medical City in Taizhou city to become the upper and lower consensus. Taizhou municipal government has formulated a «pharmaceutical industrial park in Taizhou on Accelerating the Construction and development of a number of opinions» and many other policies, opinions on the admission enterprises and construction of the park in the coordination of services, especially technological innovation, scientific research and development, introduction of talents and so give it preferential treatment and support.

      The China Medical City, the development of pharmaceutical industry into an important carrier of biotechnology to enhance the international exchange platform has become Taizhou economic restructuring leading industries. Lei medicine many times to the city to conduct investigations and give the city’s power demand to accelerate the building of China Medical City, Medical Park, and strive to make each year and a different under three years.

      At the China Medical City, the construction process, the Taizhou city government devoted the greatest enthusiasm and support. From the city leadership to department heads, as long as there is need for medical city, medical city will be the first time to the site office, large investment activities, small enough to coordinate and solve specific issues, party secretary and mayor as long as time will have to participate personally received. Economic, trade, science and technology, pharmaceutical, industrial and commercial sectors is to send staff to park on attachment to the park and into the Park Enterprises «zero distance» service, in the examination and approval, fees, and other issues receive the most preferential policies.

      Taizhou City Government to bring into full play the role of an active import of «integration» building philosophy, adhere to the scientific planning and unified built-up areas of infrastructure, so that the concentration of resources sharing, integrating the use of, and strive to achieve maximum efficiency. The introduction of the item, the situation can adhere to the project sites to set the scale level, and focus on each other before and after matching the upstream and downstream vertical integration, initially formed through the research and development, clinical, manufacturing, sales and other links to a complete industrial chain.

     At present, the China Medical City, to start the building of an area of 4 square kilometers. Park 21 stand-alone R D building, science and technology building, factory, GSP warehouses and some other public works have been completed and put into use, sex, and another batch of new drugs in line with the international standard created, pilot study, inspection, and other public service platform is construction and engineering center in China’s vaccine, expert service center and a number of foundation engineering is also rapidly advancing, for domestic and foreign talents, enterprises, as well as the outstanding achievements of the rapid transformation of concentration provides a strong support.

      An industry can enhance a city’s quality, the rise of China Medical City, Taizhou cities and industries so that a new look. Despite the international financial crisis, China Medical City, was ushered in an extraordinary year.

      As the core area of China Medical City, Taizhou Medical Hi-Tech Industrial Park has been awarded state-level Ministry of Science, «base for international scientific and technological cooperation,» the title of Chinese medicine have been incorporated into the newly established city of Jiangsu Province, the revitalization plan pharmaceutical industry of Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, the provincial government will be the priority list.

     Medical City, responsible person in an interview said, «this series of the accumulation of advantageous resources, especially state-level high-tech zones’ Gold ‘signs Lande, a milestone, no doubt more quickly promoted from Taizhou biomedical’ Industry ‘to’ City ‘and beyond, to further enhance China Medical City, the local as well as the radiation power of the country. «park general, the Chinese Medical City, from the start, positioned to set research and development, manufacturing, convention trade, Kang Medical into an integrated pharmaceutical industry city.

Learn How To Hatch In An Easy Way

The process of hatching is a very simple, by following the simple step and logic. Some of this step will be explained below. 1) Get a male and female broad stock catfish 2) Injecting the female fish catfish 3) Stripping the egg of the female catfish 1) GET A MALE AND FEMALE BROAD STOCK CATFISH This step will be explained in a lay man language and for easy practical doing; I promise you that if you follow this step you will be a successful catfish farmer. To get a mature female and male catfish for hatching, it must be above 10months to a year, and the way to identify it is through the egg. The egg can be brown or green; it can also be identifying through the head of the catfish. 2) INJECTING THE FEMALE CATFISH When injecting the female catfish it must be beside the belly, and rob where the needle is being penetrated so that the drug can work, and the name of the drug is called ova prim. Ten separate both the male catfish and female catfish from each other. After injecting the female catfish the put is in a separate large plastic and pour little of water on it then cover it and leave it for 10hour to12hours. NB: This operation must be around evening so that everything will go smoothly. 3) STRIPPING THE EGG OF THE FEMALE CATFISH After the duration of 10-12 hours, stripped out the egg from the fish with your hand into a bowl then killed the male catfish and remove the sperm, then squeeze the milk into the egg, then mix it together with a pitch of salt and little water then steer it together and pour it gentle into the vast. NB: The vast must be clean and there must be a net inside the vast and proper some little of water that is above the net in the vast. Then leave it for 24hours you will observe change in the egg and the movement. This is called a fried. From this explanation I believe that you can practical this and see thing by yourself.

Chemical characteristics

Description: OHCbl acetate occurs as an odorless, dark-red orthorhombic needles. The injection formulations appear as a clear, dark-red solution. Distribution Coefficient: 1.133 10-5 (octanol:acetate buffer pH 7.4) pKa: 7.65 Systematic Name: Cobinamide, Co-hydroxy-, dihydrogen phosphate (ester), inner salt, 3′- ester with (5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole- kappaN3)

Causes of deficiency

Hydroxocobalamin Injection USP, are used to rectify the following causes of B12 deficiency (list taken from the drug prescription label published by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):

a. Pernicious anemia, whether uncomplicated or accompanied by nervous system involvement

b. Dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 occurring in strict vegetarians and in their breastfed infants. (Isolated vitamin B12 deficiency is very rare.)

c. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 resulting from structural or functional damage to the stomach where intrinsic factor is secreted or to the ileum where intrinsic factor facilitates vitamin B12 absorption (These conditions include tropical sprue and nontropical sprue [idiopathic steatorrhea, gluten-induced enteropathy]. Folate deficiency in these patients is usually more severe than vitamin B12 deficiency.)

d. Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, resulting from lesions that destroy the gastric mucosa (ingestion of corrosives, extensive neoplasia, and a number of conditions associated with a variable degree of gastric atrophy, such as multiple sclerosis, certain endocrine disorders, iron deficiency, and subtotal gastrectomy). (Total gastrectomy always produces vitamin B12 deficiency.)

e. Structural lesions leading to vitamin B12 deficiency include regional ileitis, ileal reactions, malignancies, etc.

f. Competition for vitamin B12 by intestinal parasites or bacteria

g. The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) absorbs huge quantities of vitamin B12 and infested patients often have associated gastric atrophy. The blind loop syndrome may produce deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate.

h. Inadequate utilization of vitamin B12 (This may occur if antimetabolites for the vitamin are employed in the treatment of neoplasia.)

Indications

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin B12 compounds are used as prescription medicine (injection) for vitamin B12 replacement therapy, usually at 100 mcg/dose. In the UK 1,000mcg (1 mg) per dose is generally used. Damage that results from vitamin B12 deficiency can be prevented with early diagnosis and adequate treatment.

For most, the standard therapy for treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency has been intramuscular (IM) injections of vitamin B12 in the form of cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) or hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl). CNCbl is traditionally prescribed in the United States. Outside of the United States, OHCbl is most generally used for vitamin B12 replacement therapy and is considered the rug of choice for vitamin B12 deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs. This preference for OHCbl in many countries is due to its long retention in the body and the need for less frequent IM injections in restoring vitamin B12 (cobalamin) serum levels. Furthermore, IM administration of OHCbl is also the preferred treatment for pediatric patients with intrinsic cobalamin metabolic diseases; vitamin B12 deficient patients with tobacco amblyopia due to cyanide poisoning; and patients with pernicious anemia who have optic neuropathy (Carethers, 1988; Chisholm et al., 1967; Freeman, 1992; Markle, 1996).

In a newly-diagnosed vitamin B12-deficient patient, normally defined as when serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels are less than 200 pg/mL, daily IM injections of OHCbl up to 1,000 g (1 mg) per day are given to replenish the body depleted cobalamin stores. In the presence of neurological symptoms, following daily treatment, injections up to weekly or biweekly are indicated for 6 months before initiating monthly IM injections. Once clinical improvement is confirmed, maintenance IM injections of OHCbl or CNCbl must be given for life.

Cyanide poisoning

Hydroxocobalamin has also been used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.

Recent regulatory approval for use for cyanide poisoning at doses from 2.5 to 10 mg per injection. Hydroxocobalamin will bind circulating and cellular cyanide molecules to form cyanocobalamin which is excreted in the urine.

Toxicity

The literature data on the acute toxicity profile of OHCbl show that it is generally regarded as safe with local and systemic exposure. The ability of OHCbl to rapidly scavenge and detoxify cyanide by chelation has resulted in several acute animal and human studies using systemic OHCbl doses at suprapharmacological doses as high as 140 mg/kg to support its use as an intravenous (IV) treatment for cyanide exposure (Forsyth et al., 1993; Riou et al., 1993). The US FDA at the end of 2006 approved the use OHCbl as an injection for the treatment of cyanide poisoning.

B12 group

Vitamin B12 is a term that refers to a group of compounds called cobalamins that are available in the human body in a variety of mostly interconvertible forms. Together with folic acid, cobalamins are essential cofactors required for DNA synthesis in cells where chromosomal replication and division are occurringost notably the bone marrow and myeloid cells. As a cofactor, cobalamins are essential for two cellular reactions: (1) the mitochondrial methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase conversion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) to succinate, which links lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and (2) activation of methionine synthase, which is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine and tetrahydrofolate (Katzung, 1989). Cobalamins are characterized by a porphyrin-like corrin nucleus that contains a single cobalt atom bound to a benzimidazolyl nucleotide and a variable residue (R) group. The variable R group gives rise to the four most commonly known cobalamins: CNCbl, methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, and OHCbl. In the serum, OHCbl and CNCbl are believed to function as storage or transport forms of the molecule; whereas, methylcobalamin and 5 deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the active forms of the coenzyme required for cell growth and replication (Katzung, 1989). CNCbl is usually converted to OHCbl in the serum, whereas OHCbl is converted to either methylcobalamin or 5 deoxyadenosyl cobalamin. Cobalamins circulate bound to serum proteins called transcobalamins (TC) and haptocorrins. OHCbl has a higher affinity to the TC II transport protein than CNCbl, or 5- deoxyadenosylcobalamin. From a biochemical point of view, two essential enzymatic reactions require vitamin B12 (cobalamin) (Katzung, 1989, Hardman, 2001). Intracellular vitamin B12 is maintained in two active coenzymes, methylcobalamin and 5 deoxyadenosylcobalamin, which are both involved in specific enzymatic reactions. In the face of vitamin B12 deficiency, conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA cannot take place, which results in accumulation of methylmalonyl CoA and aberrant fatty acid synthesis. In the other enzymatic reaction, methylcobalamin supports the methionine synthase reaction, which is essential for normal metabolism of folate. The folate-cobalamin interaction is pivotal for normal synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and the transfer of the methyl group to cobalamin is essential for the adequate supply of tetrahydrofolate, the substrate for metabolic steps that require folate. In a state of vitamin B12 deficiency, the cell responds by redirecting folate metabolic pathways to supply increasing amounts of methyltetrahydrofolate. The resulting elevated concentrations of homocysteine and MMA are often found in patients with low serum vitamin B12 and can usually be lowered with successful vitamin B12 replacement therapy. However, elevated MMA and homocysteine concentrations may persist in patients with cobalamin concentrations between 200 to 350 pg/mL (Lindenbaum et al. 1994). Supplementation with vitamin B12 during conditions of deficiency restores the intracellular level of cobalamin and maintains a sufficient level of the two active coenzymes: methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin.

References

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2007)

^ Dart, Richard C., «Hydroxocobalamin for Acute Cyanide Poisoning», Clinical Toxicology, 2006, Vol. 44, No. s1, Pages 1-3, Retrieved (2010-02-14)

^ Hall AH, Dart R, Bogdan G (June 2007). «Sodium thiosulfate or hydroxocobalamin for the empiric treatment of cyanide poisoning?». Ann Emerg Med 49 (6): 80613. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.09.021. PMID 17098327. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196-0644(06)02276-1. 

^ Shepherd G, Velez LI (May 2008). «Role of hydroxocobalamin in acute cyanide poisoning». Ann Pharmacother 42 (5): 6619. doi:10.1345/aph.1K559. PMID 18397973. http://www.theannals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=longpmid=18397973. 

^ Borron SW, Baud FJ, Mgarbane B, Bismuth C (June 2007). «Hydroxocobalamin for severe acute cyanide poisoning by ingestion or inhalation». Am J Emerg Med 25 (5): 5518. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2006.10.010. PMID 17543660. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-6757(06)00436-0. 

External links

ChEBI 27786

v  d  e

Vitamins (A11)

Fat soluble

A

Retinol  -Carotene  Tretinoin  -Carotene

D

D2 (Ergosterol, Ergocalciferol)   D3 (7-Dehydrocholesterol, Previtamin D3, Cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), Calcitroic acid)

D4 (Dihydroergocalciferol)   D5   D analogues (Dihydrotachysterol, Calcipotriol, Tacalcitol, Paricalcitol)

E

Tocopherol (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta)  Tocotrienol  Tocofersolan

K

Naphthoquinone  Phylloquinone/K1  Menatetrenone/K2  Menadione/K3

Water soluble

B

B1 (Thiamine)  B2 (Riboflavin)  B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide)  B5 (Pantothenic acid, Dexpanthenol, Pantethine)  B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal phosphate, Pyridoxamine)

B7 (Biotin)  B9 (Folic acid, Dihydrofolic acid, Folinic acid)  B12 (Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, Cobamamide)   Choline

C

Ascorbic acid   Dehydroascorbic acid

see also: enzyme cofactors, enzymes, Multivitamins

v  d  e

Antidotes (V03AB)

Nervous system

Nerve agent / Organophosphate poisoning

Atropine#  Biperiden  Diazepam#  Oximes (Pralidoxime, Obidoxime)  see also Cholinesterase

Opioid overdose

Diprenorphine  Doxapram  Nalorphine  Naloxone#  Naltrexone  Nalmefene

Barbiturate overdose

Bemegride  Ethamivan

Benzodiazepine overdose

Cyprodenate  Flumazenil

GHB overdose

Physostigmine  SCH-50911

Reversal of neuromuscular blockade

Sugammadex

Cardiovascular

Heparin

Protamine#

Digoxin toxicity

Digoxin Immune Fab

Beta blocker

Glucagon

Other

Methanol / Ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethanol  Fomepizole

Paracetamol toxicity (Acetaminophen)

Acetylcysteine#   Glutathione  Methionine#

Arsenic poisoning

Dimercaprol#  Succimer

Cyanide poisoning

nitrite (Amyl nitrite, Sodium nitrite#)  Sodium thiosulfate#  4-Dimethylaminophenol  Hydroxocobalamin

Toxic metals (cadmium, mercury, lead, thallium)

Edetates  Dimercaprol#  Prussian blue

Hydrofluoric acid

Calcium gluconate#

Other

Prednisolone and promethazine  oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate)  iodine-131 (Potassium iodide)  Methylthioninium chloride#

Emetic

Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac)  Copper sulfate

#WHO-EM. Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: hase III. Never to phase III

Categories: B vitamins | Cobalt compounds | Organometallic compounds | TetrapyrrolesHidden categories: Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2009 | Articles needing additional references from January 2007 | All articles needing additional references

Usher in the historical development opportunities

Into the new century, life sciences and biotechnology research continued to achieve a major breakthrough. This breakthrough, is agriculture, medicine, energy and chemical industry and the birth of a new birth of the industrial revolution, and thus lead to a new international division of labor. Accelerate the development of bio-industry in many countries has become a focus of economic development strategy. Especially in the current circumstances, in order to cope with the international financial crisis, countries have in accelerating the development of new economic growth points, in order to revive the economy after the crisis to prepare bio-industry has become an important option in many countries.

The NDRC official said that at present, China has entered a well-off society and accelerating the modernization of the new stage. Compared with other countries, China in the future supply of resources faced by the «bottleneck» is more prominent, and eco-environmental constraints become more pronounced. Therefore, to accelerate the bio-industry development, for our country to ease the population, health, resources, and environment bottleneck constraints, promoting steady economic growth, the protection of national security has special strategic significance.

It is in this context, with the health care system and the steady implementation of the policy of expanding domestic demand, and «Science and Technology Beijing» action plan «Zhongguancun national independent innovation demonstration area construction,» efforts to promote the Beijing bio-pharmaceutical industry has become the capital of tune structure, to maintain growth, an important force in promoting the people’s livelihood, but also ushered in a rare historical opportunity for development.

Industry form a «capital characteristics»

Learned from the Beijing Science and Technology Commission, in recent years, Beijing’s biomedical industry to rely on scientific and technological innovation to maintain a steady and relatively fast growth, industry continues to grow. After years of development, Beijing’s biomedical industry in the industrial structure, innovation, development potential, spatial layout has formed a significant «capital characteristics.»

One is medium-sized state-owned enterprises as the backbone of the biomedical innovation system, Beijing has taken initial shape. In recent years, Beijing’s focus on promoting the Beijing Pharmaceutical Group, Beijing Tong Ren Tang Group, China’s three major groups in biotechnology innovation system. At present, three major groups in the capital, technological resources and the close association, established a number of national engineering centers and business technology center, marking the Beijing chemical medicine, Chinese medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and other areas has been basically built a business-oriented innovation system.
The engineering and technical centers to assume and carry out a new product development, great variety of re-development, production process and so a lot of work to upgrade key technologies for enterprise development and growth of the industry has played an active role. Now, key enterprises has become a bio-pharmaceutical industry to promote the development of Beijing’s most important strength. In 2008, the north of the Pharmaceutical Group, Tong Ren Tang Group, Tiantan Biological Products and other key enterprises, represented by the completion of sales of 22.8 billion, for the industry contributed 75% of industrial output.

Second, small and medium innovative enterprises in support of Beijing’s sustainable development, bio-pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the process. By Ted pharmaceutical, source de bio, music Poor’s health care, medicine, and so pairs of herons, represented by a group of proprietary technology, high-growth enterprises have become Beijing biomedical industry an important part. With proprietary technology or exclusive varieties, strong profitability of these enterprises, marketing margins are often as high as 50%.
Science and technology enterprises rely on innovation and development, has been widely recognized by domestic and international capital markets, music Poor’s health care, Tiantan Biological Products, Beijing Sinovac, source de Biology, BIOSINO, Tong Ren Tang Science and Technology, Beijing Double-Crane Pharmaceutical and other biomedical 16 science and technology enterprises have in New York, Singapore and China’s Hong Kong, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other domestic and foreign stock exchange listing is successful, the current market value of more than 100 billion yuan.

Third, Beijing has become the world’s biomedical industry, the focus of the development of cities. Beijing a strong scientific and technological resources, clinical resources and markets to attract a large number of domestic and foreign enterprises and the development of R D institutions in Beijing. Since 2003, Beijing biomedical field has attracted 77 foreign investment projects, with a total investment amounting to 13.808 billion yuan. France’s Sanofi — Aventis, Procter Gamble and the United States, Genzyme, Novo Nordisk of Denmark as well as the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, Jilin amendment, Hebei Yiling, medium-well-known enterprises in Jiangxi, Beijing has become a major force in the field of bio-medicine .

Fourth, a large number of enterprises started to go global. Beijing internationalization of biomedical industry with a solid foundation and a good start in recent years, a number of good development trend, the backbone of a high degree of brand recognition to the international companies are on the road has a good performance: Beijing SECCO medicine to apply for registration in the United States has begun its own production of generic drugs; Beijing Zizhu Pharmaceutical raw material medicine and preparation products have been marketing more than 20 countries; Tong Ren Tang Group has opened a number of overseas branches of overseas registered more than 400 varieties, and so on.

Depicts a beautiful blueprint for the development

Beijing national bio-industry base of the cluster pattern and degree of industrial agglomeration leading the country, formed the Zhongguancun Life Science Park as an industry innovation center, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone as an international manufacturing center, to Daxing industrial base for the emerging bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing industry gathering area «three-point support, collaborative development» space layout. At present, the three parks the city’s total bio-pharmaceutical industry for more than 50% of the total output value has become host to the Beijing bio-pharmaceutical industry a pillar industry represent an important platform.

In recent years, Beijing continue to integrate its own scientific and technological resources, and strive to create a favorable environment for industrial development, breaking the policy bottlenecks, capital, technology professionals rely on superiority and urge enterprises to strengthen independent innovation capability, build the core competitiveness of the efforts have started to bear fruit enterprise cluster efficiency increased daily.
In the future, Beijing will continue to optimize the market, capital and human resources areas such as allocation of resources to scientific and technological innovation as a means to further enhance the market competitiveness of key enterprises to further promote the key enterprises and high-end varieties into the United States, Europe and other international mainstream market to further promote the expansion of market share in key products and further promote the exclusive varieties to market faster.

    Eagle’s Nest town is the headquarters of Pan industrial park, where production of plastic hose marketing at home and abroad, is well-known «Chinese plastic hose Town.» In 1979, China’s first washing machine drain Root was born in the Eagle’s Nest. After 30 years of development, small hose has become a big industry, annual turnover of 1 billion yuan, accounting for more than 70% of the national appliance hose market.

    As a massive economy, industrial base, the Eagle’s Nest, «China Plastic hose city» in the new situation also face how to break the bottleneck of the development, speed up transformation and upgrading issues. Park business owners have realized this, is to increase new product development and marketing efforts. Park management also strengthened guidance to service enterprises, as «China’s plastic hose city» to provide good conditions Zaiduofali.

    Enterprises to innovate, to break the international monopoly

    »Today I just got in line with the U.S. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Supervision and Management Foundation), two standard certification.» September 10, Panan Jianshan new plastics factory manager Zhou Jinbiao show Yida materials on the reporters that the current the plant self-developed hose products are in line with the EU ROHS standard, also applied for the U.S. FDA, UPC (United States Association for International Pipeline certified HVAC Machinery), NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) certification standards. Zhou Jinbiao said that in life, all kinds of water pipes in close contact with people, so the European Union, the United States set all sorts of trade barriers. Eagle’s Nest through a new plastics factory tests, research and development of materials, pipes successfully overcome those obstacles. In December 2007, this year in April, the plant research and development of black, white, gray, blue and four kinds of color material has passed two European Union WRAS (non-metallic materials in contact with water safety evaluation) certification.

    High-temperature non-toxic PVC (polyvinyl chloride) water pipes the current global production is only 3, Eagle’s Nest the invention of new plastics factory to fill the domestic blank, also the plastic pipe industry of China’s first obtain the certified products. Zhou Jinbiao told reporters, in order to cope with foreign certification, he paid a lot, has given up a lot. Prior to 2003, he and the town of Eagle’s Nest, like all the plastic hose manufacturing enterprise seriously commoditised. In 2004, he stopped production and laid off all staff, leaving only more than 10 technical staff, devote themselves to research and development, after three years of research, invested more than 400 million yuan, and finally succeeded in developing a non-toxic PVC material and hose, and adopted the Royal drinking water and supporting product safety certification.

    Pan Industrial Park Management Committee, deputy director of the Kingdom of Fu told reporters that the Eagle’s Nest new plastics factory certified, take the lead in breaking the barriers to international trade, opening up the EU market, Pan hose industry as a whole has a significance.

   »We are forced out.» Zhou Jinbiao told reporters in R D, he would like to buy ready-made non-toxic plastic particles produced water pipes and found that this material is only Italy, Germany, Ireland can produce, and is not sold to China enterprise. So he decided to try. Three-sword, Zhou Jinbiao successfully developed a non-toxic PVC particles, high temperature resistant non-toxic PVC (polyvinyl chloride) water pipes, production of non-toxic water pipes of the two preparations, got one of the world’s top 500 companies Invensys plc, KDDI Group, Merloni Group and Electrolux China headquarters and other international famous enterprises orders. At present, the new plastics factory Nissan 6 tons of non-toxic plastic particles, the European Union a company purchases 10 tons per month to the plant is non-toxic plastic particles.

    In the Eagle’s Nest, there is another one plastic hose industry veteran, he is Panan Keli Hose Co., Ltd general manager of its 61-year-old Zhou. Zhou its looks like an old man the mountains, but it is two invention patents, utility model patents 4 owner. He had opened in 1984, the first individual Panan plastic hose plant, becoming one of the few multi-millionaires. In 1992, the industry’s most prosperous time of hose, the old weeks turned into new product research and development. A high temperature seal will not only allow the old weeks spent all their savings, but also back a large debt, but relying on the old weeks obstinately tenacity Montagnards at the moment that the success of product development.

   »We have already applied to the U.S. product patent.» Zhou told reporters on his happy way, not only the United States Electrolux Corporation become their trading partners and domestic enterprises are also 78 to discuss cooperation matters with them.

    Zhou its said that such a high temperature seal used in automotive, oven and electronic jammers, on the whole world except the United States a company can produce, the Division is the second power hose furniture productive enterprises. The production of such products, the biggest difficulty is that in which 0.125 millimeters thin wire woven network management procedures are complicated and require high precision. Weeks old and invested hundreds of million yuan to purchase equipment, after many tests, and finally developed that can be resistant to 500 ? high temperature service life of 10 years in seal. Surprisingly, in addition to the old product is weeks away from their own R D, production and high temperature resistant seal of the machinery and equipment is old and weeks out of their own manufacture.

    At present, Keli hose company’s annual output of over 3 million, the products have been exported to South Korea, the United States, Canada and other countries. Old Zhou told reporters that last year he lost 100 million yuan debt market new products, plenty of room for his business and products are very confident.

    Provision of scientific and technological innovation services, urged the hose industry grow

    Mountain town of Eagle’s Nest is located in the rise of the «China Plastic hose City» has been amazing, while the tiny mountain suddenly filled the two companies went so far as the gaps even more impressed by the width. «Independent innovation not only to enable enterprises to find a new space for development, the greater significance lies in the ‘Made in China’ to create the conditions to break the international monopoly.» Panan Industrial Park Management Committee, deputy director of the Kingdom of Fu told reporters.

    As the industries and enterprises with the ability to imitate, vicious price competition, making a plastic hose from the past 40 yuan to 23 yuan now sold, corporate profits are increasingly thin, the development of Pan plastic hose industry faces a bottleneck. To Eagle’s Nest new plastics factory, Keli hose companies represented by Pan plastic hose manufacturing enterprises have in the autonomous research and development and make an issue of top-notch products and opened up a new situation. At present the town of Eagle’s Nest more than 300 companies to produce air-conditioning hose insulation pipe, washing into the drains, off range hood pipe, vacuum cleaner telescopic tubes more than 30 series of more than 1000 varieties of hose, use extends from household appliances to bath, fitness equipment, lamps, etc., are exported to the United States, Japan, South Korea, the EU market.

    Pan’an County deputy magistrate, Pan Industrial Park Management Committee Director Lu Guan-rong said that in recent years, «based out of plastic hose, based out of plastic hose,» the idea of industrial development under the guidance of Pan County Auto with plastic, horticultural plastic, fitness plastics, medical plastics, sanitary ware plastic, rubber hoses and other production has been the rapid development of annual turnover of more than 30 million, of which the county an annual output value of 15 billion yuan. Over the years, Pan industrial park guide enterprises to not only produce ordinary hose, but also to actively develop and produce high technology content, good performance management products. Plastic hose for the most part complementary products, small scale local enterprises, lack of technical strength, industrial chain, a shorter intermediary services industry, the difficulty of practical problems, Pan Industrial Park Administrative Committee to proceed to create Pan County plastic hose leading scientific and technological innovation service centers, to provide enterprises with scientific research, testing, information and other related services.

    According to the plan, Pan industrial park is preparing to create R D service center plastic hose, plastic hose product testing center, plastic hose products (results) exhibition center, plastic hose industry, multi-service centers, scientific and technological achievements into promotion centers, the positive Exploration and Zhejiang University of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University, Department of Polymer, Shanghai Institute of synthetic resin, and other research institutions to establish cooperative relationship with the world’s largest physical and chemical testing laboratory SGS Shanghai company to establish cooperative relations, plastic hose industry provide a variety of physical and chemical research and development and performance testing.

It is believed that the joint efforts of the park and enterprises, «China Plastic hose City» will be able to speed up the restructuring and upgrading.